Who Ruled Australia before Independence
Australia was deeply affected by the Great Depression of the 1930s, particularly because of its heavy reliance on exports, especially primary products such as wool and wheat. [358] The Australian and state governments exposed in the 1920s by continuous borrowing to finance capital labor were "far from certain by 1927, when most economic indicators deteriorated. Australia`s dependence on exports made it extraordinarily vulnerable to fluctuations in the global market," said economic historian Geoff Spenceley. [359] The debt of the State of New South Wales accounted for almost half of the debt accumulated by Australia in December 1927. The situation caused concern among some politicians and economists, including Edward Shann of the University of Western Australia, but most political, trade union and business leaders were reluctant to admit serious problems. [360] In 1926, the Australian financial magazine described credit as having a "disturbing frequency" unprecedented in the British Empire: "It may be a loan to repay maturing loans, or a loan to pay interest on existing loans, or a loan to repay temporary loans from bankers." [361] Long before the Wall Street crash of 1929, the Australian economy was already facing considerable difficulties. When the economy slowed in 1927, output also slowed and the country slipped into recession as profits collapsed and unemployment rose. [362] The London newspapers announced in November 1784: "A plan for the establishment of a new colony in New Holland has been presented to the [Prime Minister] and is now before the Cabinet. In this huge piece of land.. any kind of products and improvements that the different soils of the earth are able to expect" [68] Independence is often seen as a decisive moment – a clear break with the past and a new beginning. However, this article postulates that independence should be better seen as a gradual process characterized by both change and continuity.
Taking the example of the development of Australian foreign policy after the Federation, the article shows that de jure sovereignty does not automatically or directly lead to de facto autonomy. Residents have developed other technologies to make better use of different environments. Fibres and nets for vessels and fisheries developed before 40,000 bps. Complex tools, such as edge axes attached to wooden handles, appeared at 35,000 BP. [13] Sophisticated commercial networks have also developed. Ochre was transported 250 kilometers from the barrier chain to Lake Mungo 40,000 years ago. Shells (for decorative pearls) were transported to 500 kilometers of 30,000 BP. [13] Later, more extensive commercial networks developed. [14] The Brexit debates had been "dominated by the ardent desire to restore the sovereignty of the United Kingdom." The Brexit vote in June 2016 was declared Independence Day by key members of the Brexit campaign. Similarly, such sentiments were used about the day of exit when the UK must leave the EU under the European Union Withdrawal Act He noted in his diary that he "could no longer land on this east coast of New Holland, and on the west side I cannot make a new discovery whose honor belongs to Dutch sailors, and as such, they can claim it as their property [words in italics that have been crossed out in the original, but the east coast from latitude 38 south to that place which I am sure has not been seen or seen by any European before us and therefore belongs to the great Brittany by the same rule" [words in italics crossed out in the original]. [53] [54] Back to the present of Brexit. While it is reaffirmed that these are two different contextual scenarios, Australia`s history of independence suggests that de jure the power to formulate an independent (foreign) policy does not necessarily guarantee that it will be exercised immediately.
Britain has been proactive in promoting a revived foreign policy and in revising post-Brexit trade deals. But if you leave a political union after decades, it may take some time to readjust the policy, in addition to the various other national issues you face. Therefore, we should not be surprised if independence is achieved gradually. In the 1890s, Henry Lawson, Banjo Paterson, and other writers associated with the Bulletin produced poems and prose that explored the nature of life in the bush and themes such as independence, Stoicism, male labor, egalitarianism, anti-authoritarianism, and camaraderie. The protagonists were often shearers, cross-border riders and itinerant bush workers. .